نشریه مطالعات راهبردی جهان اسلام
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 92، زمستان 1401)

Russia's attack on Ukraine was the most important event that happened in 2022 and presented the world with a new challenge. The reactions of the countries to the Russian attack were different: the few countries allied with Russia took the side of this country, most of the countries continued to trade with Moscow despite the condemnation of the Russian attack; But the countries of the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea have imposed tough sanctions against Russia, and speculations about their function have been accompanied by many discussions and doubts. This article was written with the aim of answering this question, to check the level of resilience of Russia against Western sanctions. The findings of the research show that sanctions have not been able to force Russia to abandon the war and Putin still insists on continuing the war. These sanctions cannot spread deep poverty in this society in the near future. However, Western sanctions have negatively affected Russia's economic growth, foreign investment in this country has fallen sharply, and the export of gas and some products in Russia has also suffered a sharp decline. In general, it can be said that the sanctions have not had a significant impact on the economy and the standard of living of the Russian people in the short term, but in the long term it may have consequences for Russia, however, it will not change the behavior of this country at the international level.

Mohammed bin Salman, the crown prince of Saudi Arabia and the king's son, is one of the most important options for the kingdom after King Salman. With new ideas, this person has tried to show himself as the reformer of Saudi Arabia and is trying to emphasize the role of Arabism and Saudi youth in this country more and more. The youngest crown prince of the Saudi family is trying to open a foothold among the Arab heroes with his reckless actions. Today, Mohammed bin Salman has become the center of attention and the biggest decision-maker in Saudi Arabia. Although the system of government in Saudi Arabia is an monarchy, the old King Salman is rarely seen in public. It can be said that he is the king in name and it has been clear to everyone for years that Mohammed bin Salman is "in practice" controlling the country. Mohammed bin Salman has a self-reliant personality and wants to redefine his political future based on the four principles of Arab authenticity, extensive coalition building, mistrust of the West, and religious reform. From the point of view of Western thinkers, a religious reformer who can put Saudi Arabia on a new and stable path is of vital importance for the Arab world and America. By appealing to the disaffected young Arab population, Muhammad bin Salman can be considered a reformer who will create a renaissance in the Arab world. However, his reckless behavior may mess up everything inside Saudi Arabia and add to the problems. This research deals with the dimensions of Muhammad bin Salman's personality, his attitudes and the nature of his plans.

Mexico is the only Latin American country located in the northern part of the American continent. The history of colonialism and later shared exploitation with the countries located in Central America and South America has caused the formation and long-standing spirit of anti- Americanism in this country. According to studies, anti-Americanism in Mexico is a complex phenomenon that consists of several currents that originate from one source: "the refusal of the United States to recognize Mexico as an equal partner." Mexico is the first country that has become familiar with the American hegemony of the kind of allegedly benevolent exterior and hostile hidden interior. Therefore, it is trying to free itself from this post-colonial and asymmetric relationship - which is caused by the foreign imperialism of the United States. In this regard, direct confrontation with the United States is not on Mexico's agenda at all. At the same time, Mexico does not want to lag behind the global transition towards a multipolar world and strengthening multilateralism. This country is currently trying to take refuge in the concepts of peace, tolerance, non-intervention, respect for international law and the sovereignty of countries, to free its foreign policy from the domination of the United States, and this is Mexican anti-Americanism. The upcoming research is trying to find the answer to this question: "How can the anti-American functions of this Latin American country be evaluated, taking into account the history and current conditions of relations between Mexico and the United States?" Therefore, the present research tries to explain the origin and dimensions of anti-Americanism and its manifestation in different governments as well as in the foreign policy of this country by using post-colonial theory and descriptive-analytical method.

The holding of the 25th Knesset elections on November 10, 1401 and the formation of Netanyahu's cabinet with the alliance of the Likud party with three other religious parties that have 64 parliamentary seats, on the one hand, has caused this hope among the Zionists that finally after holding 5 elections in the last 4 years , have a relatively stable government, and on the other hand, the presence of 50% of religious parties in the cabinet for the first time in the history of this regime has caused severe concerns among secular Zionists. In recent years, with the tendency of the Zionist regime society towards the right-wing, in the governing circles of this regime, a challenge to its alleged democracy has been faced, which has shown itself in the form of a conflict between the extreme right-wing religious Zionist parties and the Likud party on the one hand, and the leftists on the other hand. . A behavioral analysis of the actions and statements of various parties and cabinets of the Zionist regime in the past few years shows that three general axes can be proposed regarding the nature of conflicts. The first and most important axis of conflict among parties and social groups has been the issue of "the legal and judicial position of the Supreme Court of the Zionist regime". Even now, with the dominance of right-wing and religious parties over the cabinet, this issue has become the most important issue of dispute between them and the opposition parties at the level of governmental and social structure. The second axis refers to the "efforts of religious parties to direct the Knesset's approvals and the actions of the government towards Halakhic orders." These parties have taken on a new color, especially in the new cabinet of Netanyahu, who have taken over many ministerial seats and executive positions. The third axis in the issue of the conflicts between the Zionist parties is the issue of "Palestinians, including Palestinians living in the territories of 1948 and the occupied territories of 1967." With these explanations, the main question of this article is: What is the prospect of cooperation or conflict between the current parties of the Zionist regime? In response, as a hypothesis, it can be said that due to the rise of religious people in the current cabinet, differences and conflicts among Israeli parties in the political, social and security fields will develop and we will witness an increase in Arab- Jewish, religious-secular and leftist-rightist divisions. In this article, the library method and the theoretical framework of Kevin Kraus's social gaps are used.

Iran and Afghanistan have the most cultural, linguistic, historical, civilizational and geographical links and commonalities; For this reason, the Islamic Republic of Iran has always tried to actively participate in the economic field of Afghanistan. However, the economic sanctions of the United States and the dependence of the Kabul government on this country have prevented the expansion of economic relations between the two neighboring countries, despite their great potential. Of course, from 1396 to early 1400, Iran was one of Afghanistan's major economic partners. In 2017, Iran took about 22% of Afghanistan's market share, and in 2019, this amount reached more than 40%. With the regaining of power of the Taliban in Afghanistan, a new opportunity has arisen for Iran to gain a greater share in the Afghan market and economy; Especially since Western countries have sanctioned Afghanistan; Therefore, increasing the amount of commercial and economic exchanges with the Taliban is considered an opportunity for Iran.

Social changes have a prominent role and influence in creating change and evolution in human societies. Based on systemic approaches, change and transformation in each of the social sub-systems will lead to change and transformation in other social sub-systems. Considering that the Iraqi society is one of the most dynamic societies in West Asia, which has witnessed extensive and profound changes and developments during the last two decades; This article has set its research goal to investigate social developments in Iraq in the middle of the 2021 elections and the upcoming elections, which will most likely be held in 2025. In this article, in order to achieve the research goal, data has been collected by referring to library and online sources and has been discussed and analyzed in a descriptiveanalytical way. The findings of the article show that demographic trends have led to the emergence of a certain class of voters who have no political experience from Saddam's dictatorship, and on the other hand, under the influence of fake narratives, nostalgic feelings have been created in them towards the ruling period of the Baath Party. "Decreasing political participation" and "distrust in government institutions" are two other developments that have led to the reduction of the Iraqi government's social capital. In addition, the inefficiency of the political system based on consensual democracy has caused the tendency of the majority of people to non-identity politics in Iraq. In recent years, under the influence of the strategies and actions of international institutions and foreign actors, especially the United States of America, the field of women has experienced major changes that will continue with greater momentum in the future. Finally, considering that the relationship between the government and the society in Iraq has been exposed to collapse due to the inefficiency and weakness of the government, institutionalized corruption and economic crises, these developments will have an impact on the nature, process and results of the upcoming parliamentary elections in Iraq.